The healthcare issue in society boils down to three basic issues: Access, Quality, and Cost. Everything else is just factors in determining how you want to juggle these three. The ideal state that everyone wants is a High, High, Low situation. Easy access, High quality and low cost. But the reality of the situation and the nature of the beast here is you can only really achieve two of those because achieving one or more will negatively effect one of the others. So you wind up having to make compromises or sacrifices. The ACA focused on improving on all three but more on access and quality so even though improvements were made in cost, cost still suffered in the mix. The question is what do we as society want most, High access and low cost at the sacrifice of quality for example.
This, in essence, is what was wrestled with in creating the ACA in the first place. I was a city manager at the time, responsible for more than 100 employees and their dependents. I also served as president of a hospital board at a rural hospital affiliated with two larger organizations. The existing health care system prior to ACA was also collapsing; it was not uncommon for us to see increases of 12 to 30% EACH YEAR. Working with our unions (I know, Ben thinks those are communist), we were able to reduce our rising costs into high single digits or the low doubles (12 being the highest). As a hospital, we were bleeding money because of uncompensated care which we were obligated to provide and being independent was not sustainable.
Fast forward to today and the hospital did have to sell to one of the two larger entities to which we affiliated. Under ACA, it is in the black once again but only after investing heavily in new technology and being able to form doctor pools that would provide coverage and the hours/working conditions desired by specialists and family practice providers.
ACA allowed access -- at a relatively affordable price if everyone had signed up and participated (mandate for another word). You can't cover everyone, including those with pre-existing conditions, under the age of 26, without lifetime caps -- unless you have healthy people that don't have those problems. What the Republicans want to focus on is a new idea of "access." All of us have access to airlines and planes that could fly us anywhere in the world today. However, most of us cannot afford to do so. The Republicans will provide access but remove the price caps and subsidies which means we will return to the conditions pre-ACA.
Quality and Cost are rarely talked about by either party because to do so would likely get into defining what treatments to provide, where, and to whom. In the US, we provide immediate intake for a wide variety of services that really don't need immediate attention. In markets that have universal one-payer systems, that care is arranged (somewhat like the VA). If you have the money, you can go outside the single-payer system and get whatever you want but you have to make the decision and look at the costs.
In the US, we never see the bill until after the treatment. Hospitals and doctors, fearing liability, order a wide range of expensive and (often) unnecessary tests. Because we don't see the bill -- who cares? The problem is that our outcomes are not any better than those who spend far less than we do on health care (Cuba has a much better outcome for cancer treatment and spends a fraction of what we do).
But no one wants to talk about this 800 pound guerilla because to do so would equate to "rationing." It would also affect the huge profits of the pharmaceutical companies that don't often cure but instead, look to treat symptoms. Again, those companies spend huge amounts on both parties and legislators; why can I buy my Allegra-D medication for a fraction of the price in Canada (manufactured, by the way, in the US)? Because Canada negotiates the price allowed.
The CDC and federal government spend millions (billions) of dollars yearly on R & D for these pharmaceutical companies, either directly or through universities and research facilities. The companies are then provided lucrative patents that prohibit anyone else from manufacturing the drug for lengthy periods of time -- including generics. The companies are free to charge whatever they liked with monopoly status. If you want to impact pricing, list what hospitals and providers charge for the services; eliminate the monopoly protections for any drug that received public R & D dollars; and prohibit insurance companies from spending on anything but direct services. If you're a monopoly manufacturer -- why do you need to spend on advertising and marketing (beyond basic information)?
As a small hospital, people would be shocked at what these companies offered. With a tight ethics policy, board or staff could not take part (but private physicians and others certainly did). Listing outcomes of every hospital and provider for services along with the prices would begin to address the costs and quality issues.
Was the ACA perfect? Not by a long shot. But if tweaked and fixed, it likely could be a much better alternative to the failing one we had prior to its passage.